Issues for It Security Personnel-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Talk about the Ethical Issues for It Security Personnel. Answer: Morals is a region of study that manages moral standards. These standards are what decide the ethically upstanding activity or move to make when confronted with a specific trouble or quandary (Himma Tavani, 2008). The data innovation industry and explicitly gives managing IT security include a ton of moral elements. It's implied that in attempting to shield an organization from outside dangers there are different moral factors that experts face, for example, not selling the data of one of their customers to another. In this paper we will concentrate on the moral issues that surface when a customer requests that you set aside cash by removing some safety efforts which you suggested dependent on your investigation of the customers security needs. The customer here is of the feeling that setting aside cash by removing some key safety efforts supplants the requirement for having these safety efforts set up. The security needs show that delicate data will be in danger if these safety effo rts are not actualized. The two principle moral issues that are related with the contextual investigation are security and expanded weight on IT experts. Security for our situation is with the end goal that the customer needs to cut expense by previous usage of the suggested safety efforts you gave them (Moore, 2005). The weight on the IT proficient is with the end goal that they have done a great deal of work in characterizing the security escape clauses then the customer requests that they disregard them. The IT proficient realizes that the prescribed safety efforts are important to keep the framework secure. It isn't moral when the customer demands the IT expert to actualize a less secure system. This is on the grounds that they need to set aside cash so they can't utilize it in making sure about their organization IT frameworks. On the off chance that there is a security penetrate on the grounds that the customer doesn't wish to execute the suggested measures they may lose a great deal of cash and valid ity when contrasted with the sum where they are attempting to spare. The notoriety of the IT proficient is likewise in danger on the grounds that different customers and individuals may believe that their administrations are bad in light of the fact that much subsequent to playing out a security review their customer was still penetrated. Except if the IT proficient went disclosing to each potential customer the mix-up of their past customer then their notoriety is not so good and they may pass up numerous other future undertakings since nobody believes in them (Spinello Tavani, 2004). In the wake of disclosing to the customer that touchy data will be in danger on the off chance that they don't execute the suggested safety efforts the customer is still of the conclusion that their organization being focused on is uncommon and in this manner they don't think the safety efforts are a need. As an IT proficient I would not arrange the system in a less secure way. This is on the grounds that it is smarter to make an intensive showing particularly in IT as opposed to a fair activity. In the event that a security break happens it won't be the customer who endures yet in addition the administrations and notoriety of the IT expert will be being referred to. I don't think it is moral to eat the cost and introduce the additional safety efforts at no expense to the customer. It may be an honorable activity however one significant downside is that different organizations may attempt to actualize this technique while connecting with your administrations (Tavani, 2004). In such a case they will exploit you and you will consistently be at a misfortune since the organization will keep bringing in cash and you won't have been paid for your administrations. Morals is a significant piece of life and business. It is the equivalent in such a case supposing that morals was maintained the customer would make an effort not to bargain the notoriety of the IT proficient (Luciano, 2010). They would basically bear the issue all alone. In the event that I was the IT proficient entrusted with this activity I would not do what the customer wishes so they might have the option to cut on cost. I would clarify that the measure of misfortunes they would need to bring about if there were breaks would be far substantially more contrasted with the cost they were attempting to spare. As a moral IT proficient it is better that the customer is baffled with you not having the option to satisfy their solicitation (Terrell, 2014). They probably won't care for your choice yet over the long haul they will regard you for offering them the best guidance regardless of whether it isn't what they needed to hear. References Himma K. E. Tavani H. T. (2008). The Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics. John Wiley and Sons Inc. Luciano F. (2010). Data Ethics. The Cambridge Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 77-100. Moore A. D. (2005). Data Ethics: Privacy, Property and Power. College of Washington Press. Spinello R. A. Tavani H. T. (2004). Readings in Cyberethics. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Tavani H. T. (2004). Morals Technology: Ethical Issues during a time of Information and Communication Technology. John Wiley and Sons Inc. Terrell B. (2014). PC Ethics: Basic Concepts and Historical Overview. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Community for the Study of Language and

The Ford Motor Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Ford Motor Company - Essay Example As indicated by the article findingsâ the representatives are considered the organization’s resources. They are given reasonable occupation assignments according to their skill. The best possible activity determination encourages the workers to perform well in their individual areas. There is a thorough preparing program being led for the representatives in their particular assignments with legitimate learning results. The workers are given momentary destinations in their employments and these are lined up with the drawn out goal of the association. The qualities of the workers are being centered with more accentuation around building up the subject matter. The workers are even urged to follow their shortcomings and convert one of their shortcomings to use important quality. The association supports the workers specifically space to turn into the best in their domain. As the paper highlightsâ the level structure in the association helps in building up an increasingly produ ctive correspondence process in the business and there is a straightforward method of correspondence process over the diverse utilitarian zones of the association. The fruitful activity of the Ford engines is clarified by the way that the coordination of thoughts from various spaces and various zones and the smooth progression of thoughts across areas has driven the Ford Motors to actualize its procedures created by the top administration effectively which clarifies the effective activity of the organization.... tion of thoughts from various spaces and various territories and the smooth progression of thoughts across areas has driven the Ford Motors to execute its methodologies created by the top administration effectively which clarifies the fruitful activity of the association. Additionally, the association has distinctive motivator plans accessible for the representatives, which help them to perform better in their work. The motivating force conspire accessible to the workers is extremely rewarding and it advances a solid rivalry for them to perform better. Additionally, the association gives enough entertainment offices to the workers and the association screens the procedure that the representatives are not getting pushed. The collaboration culture is given enough consideration in the Ford Motors where the group head advances sound work culture in the group and lifts each colleague to perform as well as could be expected in the current task according to the goal of the association. Ther e is additionally a gigantic adaptability where the representatives can speak with the ranking directors anytime of time in regards to any activity issues and the supervisors give compelling answers for the workers and furthermore furnish them with input to such an extent that the representatives can gain from the past mix-ups and there is an immense opportunity to get better of their work. This aides the workers to perform better step by step and gradually they become proficient in their separate space, which at last drives the association to progress. The work culture and the workplace support up the work inspiration for the representatives. All these together advance the effective activity of the Ford Motors and helped them to get one of the pioneers in the car business over the globe. (Koontz and Weihrich, 2006, pp.287-289) Group Level: Leadership: The

The Books I Had to Read in British High School A Comprehensive List

The Books I Had to Read in British High School A Comprehensive List Whenever I talk to my friends who grew up in the US about the books they had to read in high school, I’m struck by how many of the classics they got through. They read both British and American authors: Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, William Faulkner, Toni Morrison. As a teenager growing up in the UK I was fairly well-read, but only because I spent all my free time with novels. It seemed to me that we didn’t study nearly as many books in my high school English classes as my American peers did. So, I decided to make a list of all the books I remember reading for school, to see. Most of you probably already know from the Harry Potter books that British high school is seven years long because we start at age eleven. So, for the sake of fair comparison, I’m only counting books I had to read in the last four years of my secondary education (the years when we had to do exams). Are you ready? Here goes. 1) Anita and Me by Meera Syal This semi-autobiographical novel is inspired by Syals experience as the child of Punjabi immigrants in 1970s England. We studied it in a module about “different cultures.” The other option was To Kill A Mockingbird, but our English department rejected it on the basis that it had more pages. Putting aside the concerning fact that our teachers didn’t think 16-year-olds could make it through one average-length novel, Anita and Me was a pretty solid choice. My classmates and I were 90s kids living in the whitest part of Britain and had little concept of either immigration or the 1970s. Anita and Me introduced us to the world of working-class families in the West Midlands through the eyes of one ten-year-old girl who just wants her parents to be like everyone else’s. Wikipedia tells me it’s still on the national syllabus. 2) Spies: A Novel  by Michael Frayn Another coming-of-age novel, Spies is set in England during the Second World War. It was a little too serious, a little too clever, to be really enjoyable. Two neighborhood boys spy on one of their mothers under the pretext that she is a German spy, but the real German spy turns out to be someone completely different. Meanwhile, they do actually discover something important about the mother. Being pre-teen boys, they are completely oblivious to what it is for the majority of the narrative. The main takeaway of the story, as I remember it years later, is pretty much the same as Anita and Me: parents that seem weird and embarrassing when you’re a kid turn out to be far preferable to parents who are cruel. And that’s the whole list. I have wracked my brain trying to recall everything we read, and as far as novels go, this is it. Of course, we also studied some Shakespeare, a couple of modern plays, and a smattering of poetry. There was one assignment where we had to write an essay comparing two books. Any two books. (I chose These Is My Words by Nancy Turner and Tom Bedlam by George Hagen because they were two of my favourites at the time). For my final English Literature exam of high school, the topic was “War.” We were encouraged to read books like All Quiet on the Western Front, Birdsong, and Regeneration. These were never discussed in class or directly referred to in the exam questions, as far as I remember, but we could mention them in our answers if we liked. Maybe the takeaway from this is that I went to a bad high school (partly true: my class had no designated English teacher for an entire year because the one assigned to us took off to Australia almost as soon as the first semester started). Or maybe the British curriculum deeply underestimates teenagers’ abilities. Either way, it gave me all the more free time to read the books I really wanted to, and for that I’m grateful!

Dr. Daniel J. Boorstin Great American Author and Historian

Dr. Daniel J. Boorstin: Great American Author and Historian Dr. Daniel J. Boorstin (1914- ) holds many honorable positions and has received numerous awards for his notable work. He is one of Americas most eminent historians, the author of more than fifteen books and numerous articles on the history of the United States, as well as a creator of a television show. His editor-wife, Ruth Frankel Boorstin, a Wellesley graduate, has been his close collaborator. Born in Atlanta, Georgia, and raised in Oklahoma, he received his undergraduate degree with highest honors from Harvard and his doctors degree from Yale. He has spent a great deal of his life abroad, first in England as a Rhodes Scholar at Balliol College, Oxford. More†¦show more content†¦His other works include The Mysterious Science of Law, The Genius of American Politics, and The Republic of Technology. In addition, he is the editor of An American Primer and the thirty volume series The Chicago History of American Civilization. His books have been translated into twenty-five languages (GBN Reviews, 1997). Most of Dr. Boorstins books are not written as conventional chronological histories. Instead, their brief chapters explore many disparate facets of American culture. The topics which he covers range from the new grammar, the rise of the candy bar and the moon landing, to the development of the cash register (Minskoff, 1973). He does not relate those facts simply because they are themselves interesting, amusing and enlightening - though they are that, too. He uses them all to help ask the questions that he strives to answer in most of his books: What has life come to mean and cease to mean to the late- twentieth century Americans? He makes history into a kind of national autobiography, reminding the people that they have made themselves what theyare. Dr. Boorstins most known book is probably The Americans: The Democratic Experience. The democracy that is described in this book has little to do with majority rule and minority rights. It is a full scale portrait of modern America, which describes not only theShow MoreRelatedFrom Salvation to Self-Realization18515 Words   |  75 PagesAdvertising and the Therapeutic Roots of the Consumer Culture, 1880-1930 T. J. Jackson Lears Lears, T.J. Jackson 1983. From salvation to self-realization: Advertising and the therapeutic roots of the consumer culture, 1880-1930. In The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History, 18801980, ed. by Richard Wightman Fox and T.J. Jackson Lears, New York: Pantheon Books, 1-38. Reprinted with the permission of the author. 1On or about December 1910, Virginia Woolf once said, human characterRead MoreA Study On Responsiveness Of Customers Towards Print Media And Deliverable Satisfaction10259 Words   |  42 PagesCustomers towards Print Media and Deliverable Satisfaction† INTRODUCTION If you don t read the newspaper, you are uninformed, you are unexciting ; if you read the newspaper, you are well-informed and you are conversant. Daniel J Boorstin Today Newspapers are considered to be the best source of news and information. In many respects it is also a medium of communication among the peoples across the world. There are thousands of newspapers published around the world. Readers are

Why Everyone Is Wrong Regarding Transgender Essay Topics

Why Everyone Is Wrong Regarding Transgender Essay Topics There's need to get around the practice as it does not permit students to unwind and concentrate on their studies for better academic outcomes. Long hours of mobile phone usage can cause elevated levels of stress. It isn't always simple to choose a thriving topic for preparing very good work. The more time spent on revising, the greater grade you will receive. Thus, unlike in the instance of different kinds which humans belong to, there's absolutely no external, observable evidence a male-bodied person is truly a woman. In truth, it is a very long practice. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you wind up getting an excellent grade. It's crucial that you use the most suitable type of evidence, that you use it effectively, and that you've got an acceptable amount of it. In general, though equality is something everybody should strive for, in regards to sports and gender-based competitions, t here may be no middle ground between male and female. When discussing the term transgender, it's helpful to start by examining the notion of gender. In the modern society, gender means a lot more than it used to. A vital issue for transgender athletes is the difficulty of fitting into the two major kinds of sports competition. Below you'll find basic essentials of inclusion. Don't hesitate to incorporate all important info in the outline, and it's going to be useful in writing your document. When you summarize, you're offering a summary of a whole text, or no less than a lengthy section of a text. Write a comprehensive outline. A number of people may say such stereotypical things almost everyday and what they do not understand is they are brainwashing themselves. Conventional values have left others who don't belong behind and trying hard to survive. There are myriad reasons why most people today tell lies to others. Curiosity and attempting to understand another is ve ry good! People have family all over the world and with social media sites there's presently a way to find out what is happening in your family's everyday lives. Want to Know More About Transgender Essay Topics? If you would like to find the paper, don't hesitate to message me. Before starting gathering information for possible use as evidence in your argument, you should be certain that you comprehend the aim of your assignment. Put simply, you've got to spell out the importance of the evidence and its function in your paper. There are lots of ways to present your evidence. Choosing Good Transgender Essay Topics So in case you have been assigned with Essay Assignment on social issues then transgender rights is among the important elements of your subject. Dignity on paper has to be ensured in practice also. Taking essay outline help isn't that much crucial as finding a great essay for the topic that is primary. Until now, there's absolutely no law to protect trans indivi duals, since they are not included in the Sex Discrimination Ordinance. Robbery can happen almost anywhere at anytime, particularly on the streets. In the uk, a case was brought against the nation for violating a worldwide law. Many laws are looked at to safeguard the rights of Transgender individuals. Establishing such laws would allow transgender folks to reside in harmony with society and include them in modern life and it needs to be the target of all citizens to improve the life of others. Many countries don't allow individuals to modify the gender designation on their documents in any respect. The issues also have issues that exist around the world concerning gender. The American society as an illustration can demonstrate that religious fundamentalism plays an extremely significant role in the life span of transgender men and women. The MLDA ought to be lowered to age eighteen to coincide with those rights and duties and be able to aid benefit our nation. The Import ance of Transgender Essay Topics Genetic Engineering has the capability to benefit many folks. For Writing a Good Essay you require in order to choose superior topics. Transgender Essay Topics Fundamentals Explained Cis isn't a fake word and isn't a slur. Be aware that transgender doesn't have an ed at the end.

Penfolds Grange Brand Prism Free Essays

It was released in 1951 and kept it position for more than 50 years. But in 2009, Pinfold’s launched a special bottle, it was considered as a wrong action of it because that reduced the value of Grange. That is the reason our marketing plan is revitalization Grange, which will be launched in 2014. We will write a custom essay sample on Penfolds Grange Brand Prism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before making a detail MIMIC plan, I will create the brand identity for Pinfold’s Grange relying on the brand identity prism of Seafarer (2008). ‘Brand identity prism’ is a diagrammatically analysis to identify one brand which is presented by a hexagonal prism. It illustrates that brand identify has six facets which are Physique, Personality, Culture, Relationship, Reflection and Self-image. Fanfold Grange is a vintage wine which is recognizable with a strong, distinctive, individual style record for cellaring performance. It is seen as an authentic voice of Australian fine wine and the strength of Pinfold’s winemaking culture and heritage. A brand has physique, according Keller, combines of either salient objective features (brand awareness) or emerging ones. Physique is not only backbone of brand but also its tangible added value. It may include product features, brand attributes and benefits. Simply, brand physique are basic things relying on it, customer can recognize and aware of the brand. The Pinfold’s Grange displays unique character and style and reflects the essence of Pinfold’s winemaking philosophy and provenance. It utilizes fully-ripe, intensely-favored and textured Shirrs grapes. It has an interesting history, an unbroken line of production since the very first vintage, consistent quality in each vintage, worldwide claim, longevity and limited production. Pinfold’s Grange is still loyal with the dark color, the design is quite simple and original but elegant with the sign of Pinfold’s which is the red Pinfold’s signature. Two main colors are white and red of the label which is not only for Grange but also or all lines of Pinfold’s and the early Grange label looked like a postage stamp – an attractive one. Although Pinfold’s is famous with many kinds of wine lines, Grange is still Australia’s most famous red wine regarded as Australia icon which most people have heard of or at least in passing. It was released in 1951 and kept it position for more than 50 years. This is a wonderfully opulent and a magic vintage. The Grange style is the original and most powerful expression of Pinfold’s multinational, multi- district, blending philosophy. Pinfold’s are the masters at understanding the power f an iconic sub-brand delivering a positive halo over the full brand range. Every year when the new vintage is released it becomes a media event of significant proportions. Pinfold’s Grange once again graced the prestigious Top 100 list of the US magazine ‘Wine Spectator’, having already been named in their Millennium edition as one of the ‘Top 100 wines’ of the 20th century. Granges have won 111 gold medals in shows, 63 silvers and 33 bronzes, 26 trophies and six championship awards, maybe seven or eight now. There are three Jimmy Watson trophies, in 1964, 1966 and 1968. All of these things make Grange’s reputation that every people can recall about it whenever they heard about it and it will be long lasting over the years. A brand has a personality. Personality is about what kind of person Grange would be if it were human including character and attitude. The human personality traits that are relevant for Pinfold’s Grange which are sophisticated, classic, elegant and reliable. Pinfold’s Grange is truly a unique brand from the first day it was released until now. A brand is a culture which takes a holistic view of the organization, its origins and the value it stands for. Every brand should have its own culture which is not only a concrete representation but also a means of communication and it is no doubt that Pinfold’s Grange really did it. Grange is the product of Australian culture regarded as the pride of Australian about one of the most famous wine in the world. If Frenchman is proud of their Champagne, to Australians, that is Grange-the Australia’s icon. Grange is not Just a symbol of luxury red wine in Australia, it is Australian image in the international wine market. Pinfold’s and Grange in particular is always representative of Australia now and in the future. Limited production and Just lease in a period of time also make the culture of Grange. The Grange fruit is from particular area, here is the grapes from Grange vineyard at Magical, South Australia. This is also a factor that makes Grange become special and have its own culture. Because Pinfold’s Grange is known as a luxury red wine line, the cultural facet is more meaningful in differentiating its brand which refers to its fundamental ideals and to its sets of values. A brand is a relationship: the strength of the relationship between the brand and customer. The Wall Street Journal has even published a DOD Jones Grange Index; the accompanying text was, ‘Wine lovers remember their first Grange the way they remember their first kiss! ‘. Pinfold’s’ advertisements carry the slogan â€Å"To those who do things for love not money’ and it’s also adapted to Grange. The relationship between Pinfold’s Grange and its customers are trust, consistent, dependability and exclusiveness. This is reflected by the loyalty of customers to their favorite wine brand. Grange was first released in 1951, but until now it is still the most famous wine and attract amount of number wine lovers who are willing wait for its new line ear by year despite the price rises and supply tensions, even promote this brand among others. It means that Fanfold Grange has built the trust and strong consistent in its customers’ mind by its quality and reputation themselves. Although Grange was launched in the market for more than five decades, it still has strong sales. The relationship between Pinfold’s Grange and its customers is also stronger because Pinfold’s always envelop its users with the image they want to signal to their social surroundings. A brand is a customer reflection. When mentioning about brand reflection, it is about he customer should be reflected as he or she wishes to be seen as a result of using a brand. Pinfold’s Grange is the sort of wine language for people who have deep pockets need to hear. Target segment of Pinfold’s is the customers who fall in medium and high disposable income, general from business background, have an average age of 35 plus, and are very loyal to a brand and aware of the wines in the market. In addition, these customers demand high quality wines with taste and texture. That is the reason why prestige, discerning and high social status are the thoughts of others to Grange lovers when they drink this wine. In addition, person who drinks Pinfold’s wine seems to be successful and looks like enjoying her/his successful life. A brand speaks to our self-image. Different from reflection which is how others see the brand’s users, self-image is the feeling of users themselves when they use the brand. Pinfold’s lovers in general and Grange in particular, feel confident and sophisticated when they drink this wine due to they are enjoying one of the most luxury and the highest quality in the world. Moreover, they feel special because we all know that with its luxurious and high-cost wine label, Pinfold’s Grange would push their grandmothers over for. And â€Å"it’s clearly cemented itself as a gift worthy of someone who’s Just been elected premier of Australia’s most populous state†. A customer might see himself fabulous and capable of drinking Pinfold’s Grange. Customers wish to display themselves that they are a part of community in which people have social approval, they are elegant, sophisticated and successful when they choose Pinfold’s Grange. In conclusion, this brand identity prism is a helpful tool in positioning Pinfold’s Grange in the wine market at the current time which help our group come up with a MIMIC plan for the release event of Grange in next October. How to cite Penfolds Grange Brand Prism, Papers

John Wilkes Resume free essay sample

To support the independence of the American colonies from England, and to support the liberties of mankind. Summary: I am an English politician, spokesman, and journalist of radical discontent. I am pro-Americanism and pro-separation from England. Firmly believe and support religious tolerance, freedom of the press, and Parliamentary reform. I inspire American Whig and other colonists with my attacks on King George Ill and the British government and by defending the berries of Englishmen.Some call me the champion of the powerless against the privileged. Once the American colonists declared their independence, my support for them decreased and I slowly became a more conservative politician. Professional Experience: 1757- Member Of Parliament for Lawlessly, I fought for religious liberties of Catholics and Protestants outside the Church of England. ; 1762- Published a weekly radical article called The North Briton ; 1 774. Admitted to the House of Commons to represent Middlesex and supported the rights of the voters rather than the House Major Accomplishments: Struck against government abuse of civil liberties by challenging general warrants ; 1763- Published The North Briton, No. We will write a custom essay sample on John Wilkes Resume or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 45 attacking King George Ill on his speech regarding the Paris Peace Treaty of 1763, and was arrested for libel ; Denounced the Declaratory and Townsend Acts Taught people new ways to redress grievances using courts and publicParty leader of the London Radicals and an Idol of the London opinion ; Mob ; Inspired colonial Americans, with my fights against the government, to create the Bill Of Rights References: James Otis John Hancock Sam Adams John Adams Member of Bosons Sons of Liberty *The following men wrote letters to me regarding their grievances with the King, in hope I could help convince the government to reconsider their harsh policies, and thanking me for supporting the cause of liberty and mankind.

Accounting Ethics

Accounting Ethics Accounting EthicsWhen examining the effect of open marketing on the profession ofaccounting it is important to view it from three perspectives: theclient's, the profession's, and society's. Additionally, two key areasthat are affected by marketing must be addressed,these are concerning competition, and ethical implications. Marketing inpublic accounting is here to stay therefore making an argument against itsexistence would be fruitless; however, in order to achieve maximum benefitto the firm, the client, and s ociety more stringent guidelines must beimplemented at the firm level.The first, and most obvious, of the effected areas is competition.Within competition several points are discussed. First, the implicationsadvertising has on public accounting the model of perfect competitionversus the model of monopolistic compet ition. Secondly, the relationshipbetween firm size and advertising expenditures. Thirdly, the effect ofadvertising on firm specialization, the implications of clien t turnover onpublic accounting practice.CPA - LogoBefore making the comparison, a brief explanation why the two models are chosen is in order. Monopolistic competition has been chosen for the pre-advertising era because it most closely resembles the market structure in an extreme sense. The elements o f monopolistic competition are as follows: product differentiation, the presence of large numbers of sellers, and nonprice competition. Although accounting services between firms offer very little service differentiation, the absence of advertising serve s as a replacement because clients are not necessarily aware that other options are easily attainable. The post-advertising era is explained through the model of perfect competition for which the qualifications are as follows: very little or no service d ifferentiation, many sellers, and price as the only means of distinguishing one firms service from anothers.In a perfectly competitive market the price of a particular service is estab lished solely by the interaction of market...

Sequences on SAT Math Complete Strategy and Review

Sequences on SAT Math Complete Strategy and Review SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips A series of numbers that follows a particular pattern is called a sequence. Sometimes, each new term is found by adding or subtracting a certain constant, sometimes by multiplying or dividing. So long as the pattern is the same for every new term, the numbers are said to lie in a sequence. Sequence questions will have multiple moving parts and pieces, and you will always have several different options to choose from in order to solve the problem. We’ll walk through all the methods for solving sequence questions, as well as the pros and cons for each. You will likely see two sequence questions on any given SAT, so keep this in mind as you find your perfect balance between time strategies and memorization. This will be your complete guide to SAT sequence problemsthe types of sequences you’ll see, the typical sequence questions that appear on the SAT, and the best ways to solve these types of problems for your particular SAT test taking strategies. What Are Sequences? You will see two different types of sequences on the SATarithmetic and geometric. An arithmetic sequence is a sequence wherein each successive term is found by adding or subtracting a constant value. The difference between each termfound by subtracting any two pairs of neighboring termsis called $d$, the common difference. 14, 11, 8, 5†¦ is an arithmetic sequence with a common difference of -3. We can find the $d$ by subtracting any two pairs of numbers in the sequence, so long as the numbers are next to one another. $11 - 14 = -3$ $8 - 11 = -3$ $5 - 8 = -3$ 14, 17, 20, 23... is an arithmetic sequence in which the common difference is +3. We can find this $d$ by again subtracting pairs of numbers in the sequence. $17 - 14 = 3$ $20 - 17 = 3$ $23 - 20 = 3$ A geometric sequence is a sequence of numbers in which each new term is found by multiplying or dividing the previous term by a constant value. The difference between each termfound by dividing any neighboring pair of termsis called $r$, the common ratio. 64, 16, 4, 1, †¦ is a geometric sequence in which the common ratio is $1/4$. We can find the $r$ by dividing any pair of numbers in the sequence, so long as they are next to one another. $16/64 = 1/4$ $4/16 = 1/4$ $1/4 = 1/4$ Ready...set...let's talk sequence formulas! Sequence Formulas Luckily for us, sequences are entirely regular. This means that we can use formulas to find any piece of them we choose, such as the first term, the nth term, or the sum of all our terms. Do keep in mind, though, that there are pros and cons for memorizing formulas. Prosformulas provide you with a quick way to find your answers. You do not have to write out the full sequence by hand or spend your limited test-taking time tallying your numbers (and potentially entering them wrong into your calculator). Consit can be easy to remember a formula incorrectly, which would be worse than not having a formula at all. It also is an expense of brainpower to memorize formulas. If you are someone who prefers to work with formulas, definitely go ahead and learn them! But if you despise using formulas or worry that you will not remember them accurately, then you are still in luck. Most SAT sequence problems can be solved longhand if you have the time to spare, so you will not have to concern yourself with memorizing your formulas. That all being said, it’s important to understand why the formulas work, even if you do not plan to memorize them. So let’s take a look. Arithmetic Sequence Formulas $$a_n = a_1 + (n - 1)d$$ $$\Sum \terms = (n/2)(a_1 + a_n)$$ These are our two important arithmetic sequence formulas. We’ll look at them one at a time to see why they work and when to use them on the test. Terms Formula $a_n = a_1 + (n - 1)d$ This formula allows you to find any individual piece of your arithmetic sequencethe 1st term, the nth term, or the common difference. First, we’ll look at why it works and then look at some problems in action. $a_1$ is the first term in our sequence. Though the sequence can go on infinitely, we will always have a starting point at our first term. (Note: you can also assign any term to be your first term if you need to. We’ll look at how and why we can do this in one of our examples.) $a_n$ represents any missing term we want to isolate. For instance, this could be the 4th term, the 58th, or the 202nd. So why does this formula work? Imagine that we wanted to find the 2nd term in a sequence. Well each new term is found by adding the common difference, or $d$. This means that the second term would be: $a_2 = a_1 + d$ And we would then find the 3rd term in the sequence by adding another $d$ to our existing $a_2$. So our 3rd term would be: $a_3 = (a_1 + d) + d$ Or, in other words: $a_3 = a_1 + 2d$ If we keep going, the 4th term of the sequencefound by adding another $d$ to our existing third termwould continue this pattern: $a_4 = (a_1 + 2d) + d$ $a_4 = a_1 + 3d$ We can see that each term in the sequence is found by adding the first term, $a_1$, to a $d$ that is multiplied by $n - 1$. (The 3rd term is $2d$, the 4th term is $3d$, etc.) So now that we know why the formula works, let’s look at it in action. Now, there are two ways to solve this problemusing the formula, or simply counting. Let’s look at both methods. Method 1arithmetic sequence formula If we use our formula for arithmetic sequences, we can find our $a_n$ (in this case $a_12$). So let us simply plug in our numbers for $a_1$ and $d$. $a_n = a_1 + (n - 1)d$ $a_12 = 4 + (12 - 1)7$ $a_12 = 4 + (11)7$ $a_12 = 4 + 77$ $a_12 = 81$ Our final answer is B, 81. Method 2counting Because the difference between each term is regular, we can find that difference by simply adding our $d$ to each successive term until we reach our 12th term. Of course, this method will take a little more time than simply using the formula, and it is easy to lose track of your place. The test makers know this and will provide answers that are one or two places off, so make sure to keep your work organized so that you do not fall for bait answers. First, line up your twelve terms and then fill in the blanks by adding 7 to each new term. 4, 11, 18, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___ 4, 11, 18, 25, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___ 4, 11, 18, 25, 32, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___ And so on, until you get: 4, 11, 18, 25, 32, 39, 46, 53, 60, 67, 74, 81 Again, the 12th term is B, 81. Sum Formula $\Sum \terms = (n/2)(a_1 + a_n)$ Our second arithmetic sequence formula tells us the sum of a set of our terms in a sequence, from the first term ($a_1$) to the nth term ($a_n$). Basically, we do this by multiplying the number of terms, $n$, by the average of the first term and the nth term. Why does this formula work? Well let’s look at an arithmetic sequence in action: 10, 16, 22, 28, 34, 40 This is an arithmetic sequence with a common difference, $d$, of 6. A neat trick you can do with any arithmetic sequence is to take the sum of the pairs of terms, starting from the outsides in. Each pair will have the same exact sum. So you can see that the sum of the sequence is $50 * 3 = 150$. In other words, we are taking the sum of our first term and our nth term (in this case, 40 is our 6th term) and multiplying it by half of $n$ (in this case $6/2 = 3$). Another way to think of it is to take the average of our first and nth terms${10 + 40}/2 = 25$ and then multiply that value by the number of terms in the sequence$25 * 6 = 150$. Either way, you are using the same basic formula. How you like to think of the equation and whether or not you prefer $(n/2)(a_1 + a_n)$ or $n({a_1 + a_n}/2)$, is completely up to you. Now let’s look at the formula in action. Kyle started a new job as a telemarketer and, every day, he is supposed to make 3 more phone calls than the day previous. If he made 10 phone calls his first day, and he meets his goal, how many total phone calls does he make in his first two weeks, if he works every single day? 413 416 426 429 489 As with almost all sequence questions on the SAT, we have the choice to use our formulas or do the problem longhand. Let’s try both ways. Method 1formulas We know that our formula for arithmetic sequence sums is: $\Sum = (n/2)(a_1 + a_n)$ But, we must first find the value of our $a_n$ in order to use this formula. Once again, we can do this via our first arithmetic sequence formula, or we can find it by hand. As we are already using formulas, let us use our first formula. $a_n = a_1 + (n - 1)d$ We are told that Kyle makes 10 phone calls on his first day, so our $a_1$ is 10. We also know that he makes 3 more calls every day, for a total of 2 full weeks (14 days), which means our $d$ is 3 and our $n$ is 14. We have all our pieces to complete this first formula. $a_n = a_1 + (n - 1)d$ $a_14 = 10 + (14 - 1)3$ $a_14 = 10 + (13)3$ $a_14 = 10 + 39$ $a_14 = 49$ And now that we have our value for $a_n$ (in this case $a_14$), we can complete our sum formula. $(n/2)(a_1 + a_n)$ $(14/2)(10 + 49)$ $7(59)$ $413$ Our final answer is A, 413. Method 2longhand Alternatively, we can solve this problem by doing it longhand. It will take a little longer, but this way also carries less risk of incorrectly remember our formulas. As always, how you choose to solve these problems is completely up to you. First, let us write out our sequence, beginning with 10 and adding 3 to each subsequence number, until we find our nth (14th) term. 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 43, 46, 49 Now, we can either add them up all by hand$10 + 13 + 16 + 19 + 22 + 25 + 28 + 31 + 34 + 37 + 40 + 43 + 46 + 49 = 413$ Or we can use our arithmetic sequence sum trick and divide the sequence into pairs. We can see that there are 7 pairs of 59, so $7 * 59 = 413$. Again, our final answer is A, 413. Only one more formula to go. Almost there! Geometric Sequence Formulas $$a_n = a_1( r^{n - 1})$$ (Note: while there is a formula to find the sum of a geometric sequence, but you will never be asked to find this on the SAT, and so it is not included in this guide.) As with the first arithmetic sequence formula, this formula will allow you to find any number of missing pieces, including your 1st term, your nth term, or your $r$. And, as always with sequences, you have the choice of whether to solve your problem longhand or with a formula. Method 1formula If you’re one for memorizing formulas, we can simply plug in our values into our equation in place of $a_n$, $n$, and $r$ in order to solve for $a_1$. We are told that Mr. Smith has 1 dollar 5 days later, which would be the 6th day (meaning our $n$ is 6), and that the ratio between each term is $1/4$. $a_n = a_1( r^{n - 1})$ $1 = a_1({1/4}^{6 - 1})$ $1 = a_1({1/4}^5)$ $1 = a_1(0.00097656)$ $1/0.00097656 = a_1$ $1024 = a_1$ So the 1st term in the sequence is 1024, which means that Mr. Smith starts with $1024 on Monday morning. Our final answer is 1024. Method 2longhand Alternatively, we can, as always, solve them problem by hand. First, set out our number of terms in order to keep track of them, with our 7th term, $1, last. ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, 1 Now, because our ratio is $1/4$ and we are working backwards, we must multiply each term by 4. (Why? Because ${1/{(1/4)} = 1 * 4$, according to the rules of fractions). ___, ___, ___, ___, 4, 1 ___, ___, ___, 16, 4, 1 And, if we keep going, we will eventually get: 1024, 256, 64, 16, 4, 1 Which means that we can see that our 1st term is 1024. Again, our final answer is 1024. As with all sequence solving methods, there are benefits and drawbacks to solving the question in each way. If you choose to use formulas, make very sure you can remember them exactly. And if you solve the questions by hand, be very careful to find the exact number of terms in the sequence. It can be all too easy to accidentally find one term more or fewer if you’re not carefully labeling or otherwise keeping track of your terms. I'm preeeeetty sure it's not a proper math formula unless mystery variables and exploding test tubes are involved somehow. Typical SAT Sequences Questions Because all sequence questions on the SAT can be solved without the use or knowledge of sequence formulas, the test-makers will only ever ask you for a limited number of terms or the sum of a small number of terms (usually 12 or fewer). As we saw above, you may be asked to find the 1st term in a sequence, the nth term, the difference between your terms (whether a common difference, $d$, or a common ratio, $r$), or the sum of your terms (in arithmetic sequences only). You also may be asked to find an unusual twist on a sequence question that combines your knowledge of sequences or your knowledge of sequences and other SAT math topics. For example: Again, let us look at both formulaic and longhand methods for how to solve a problem like this. Method 1formulas We are told that the ratio between the terms in our sequence is 2:1, successive term to previous term. This means that our common ratio is 2, as each term is being multiplied by 2 in order to find the next term. (Note: if you are not familiar with ratios, check out our guide to SAT ratios.) Now, we can find the ratio between our 8th and 5th terms in a few different ways, but the simplest waywhile still using formulasis simply to reassign our 5th term as our 1st term instead. This would then make our 8th term become our 4th term. (Why the 4th term? The 5th and 8th terms are 3 spaces from each other5th to 6th, 6th to 7th, and 7th to 8thwhich means our 1st term must be 3 spaces from our new nth term1st to 2nd, 2nd to 3rd, 3rd to 4th). Once we’ve designated our 5th term as our 1st term, we can use the strategy of plugging in numbers and assign a random value for our $a_1$. Then we will plug in our known values of $r$ (2) and $n$ (3) so that we can find our $a_n$. Let us call $a_1$ 4. (Why 4? Why not!) $a_n = a_1( r^{n - 1})$ $a_4 = 4(2^{4 - 1})$ $a_4 = 4(2^3)$ $a_4 = 4(8)$ $a_4 = 32$ So the ratio between our 4th term and our 1st term (the equivalent of the ratio to our 8th term and our 5th term) is: $32:4$ Or, when we reduce: $8:1$ The ratio between our 8th term and our 5th term is $8:1$ Our final answer is C, $8:1$. As you can see, this problem was tricky because we had to reassign our terms and use our own numbers before we even considered having to use our formulas. Let us look at this problem were we to solve it longhand instead. Method 2longhand If we choose to solve this problem longhand, we will not have to concern ourselves with reassigning our terms, but we will still have to understand that there are 3 spaces between our 8th and our 5th terms (8th to 7th, 7th to 6th, and 6th to 5th). Since we used the technique of plugging in our own numbers last time, let us use algebra for our longhand method. We know that each term is found by doubling the previous term. So let us say that our 5th term is $x$. ___, ___, ___, ___, x, ___, ___, ___ This would make our 6th term $2x$. ___, ___, ___, ___, x, 2x, ___, ___ And we can continue down the line until we get: ___, ___, ___, ___, x, 2x, 4x, 8x This means that our ratio between our 8th term and our 5th term is: $8x:x$ Or, in other words: $8:1$ Our final answer is, again, C, $8:1$. Again, you always have the choice to use formulas or longhand to solve these questions and how you prioritize your time (and/or how careful you are with your calculations) will ultimately decide which method you use. Now let's take a look at our SAT sequence question strategies. Tips For Solving Sequence Questions Sequence questions can be somewhat tricky and arduous to work through, so keep in mind these SAT math tips on sequences as you go through your studies: 1) Decide before test day whether or not you will use the sequence formulas Before you go through the effort of committing your formulas to memory, think about the kind of test-taker you are. If you are someone who loves to use formulas, then go ahead and memorize them now. Most sequence questions will go much faster once you have gotten used to using your formula. However, if you would rather dedicate your time and brainpower to other math topics or if you would simply rather solve sequence questions longhand, then don’t worry about your formulas! Don’t even bother to try to remember themjust decide here and now not to use them and save your mental energy for other pursuits. Unless you can be sure to remember themcorrectly, formulas will hinder more than help you on test day. So make the decision now to either memorize your formulas or forget about them entirely. 2) Write your values down and keep your work organized Though many calculators can perform long strings of calculations, sequence questions by definition involve many different values and terms. Small errors in your work can cause a cascade effect and one mistyped digit in your calculator can throw off your work completely. Even worse, you won’t know where the error happened if you do not keep track of your values. Always write down your values and label your terms in order to prevent a misstep somewhere down the line. 3) Keep careful track of your timing No matter how you solve a sequence question, these types of problems will generally take you more time than other math questions on the SAT. For this reason, most sequence questions are located in the last third of any particular SAT math section, which means the test-makers think of sequences as a â€Å"high difficulty† level problem. Time is your most valuable asset on the SAT, so always make sure you are using yours wisely. If you feel you can (accurately) answer two other math questions in the time it takes you to answer one sequence question, then maximize your point gain by focusing on the other two questions. Always remember that each question on the SAT math section is worth the same amount of points and you will get dinged if you get a question wrong. Prioritize both your quantity of answered questions as well as your accuracy, and don’t let your time run out trying to solve one problem. If you feel that you can answer a sequence problem quickly, go ahead! But if you feel it will take up too much time, move on and come back to it later (or skip it entirely, if you need to). No matter which method you choose to use, trust that you'll find the one that best suits your needs and abilities. Test Your Knowledge Now let’s test your sequence knowledge with real SAT math problems. 1) 2) What is the sum of the first 10 terms in the arithmetic sequence that begins:13, 21, 29,... 450 458 474 482 490 3) Answers: 200, E, 2035 Answer Explanations: 1) The number of squirrels triples every three years, so this is a geometric sequence. As always, we can either count longhand or use our formulas. Let’s look at each way. We first need to count how many times three years has passed between 1990 and 1999. Including the year 1990 and the year 1999, there are 4 terms for every 3 years between 1990 and 1999. 1990, 1993, 1996, 1999 This means that 1999 is our 4th term and 1990 is our 1st term. Now let’s plug in our values into our formula. $a_n = a_1( r^{n - 1})$ $5400 = a_1(3^{4-1})$ $5400 = a_1(3^3)$ $5400 = a_1(27)$ $200 = a_1$ Our first term is 200. There were 200 squirrels in 1990. Alternatively, we can simply find the number of squirrels in 1990 by counting by hand. Again, we need to find the number of groups of 3 years between 1990 and 1999, inclusive. 1990, 1993, 1996, 1999 Now, let us plug in our known value for 1999 and find the rest of our terms by dividing each term by 3. ___, ___, ___, 5400 ___, ___, 1800, 5400 And so on, until you get: 200, 600, 1800, 5400 Again, our first term is 200. There were 200 squirrels in 1990. 2) We are asked to find the sum of this arithmetic sequence, which means we can either use our formula or count our sequence by hand. Method 1formulas First, we need to determine our common difference, $d$, in the sequence. To do so, let us subtract one of our neighboring pairs of numbers. $21 - 13 = 8$ Before we can find our sum, however, we must find our $a_10$. This means we need to use our first arithmetic sequence formula: $a_n = a_1 + (n - 1)d$ $a_10 = 13 + (10 - 1)8$ $a_10 = 13 + 72$ $a_10 = 85$ Now that we know our $d$ and our $a_10$, we can plug in our values to find our sum. $(n/2)(a_1 + a_n)$ $(10/5)(13 + 85)$ $(5)(98)$ $490$ Our final answer is E, 490. Method 2counting If you do not want to remember or use your formulas, you can always find your answer by counting. First, we must still determine our $d$ by subtracting our neighboring terms: $29 - 21 = 8$ Now, we can find the value of all our terms by continuing to add 8 to each new term until we reach our 10th term. 13, 21, 29, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___ 13, 21, 29, 37, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___ 13, 21, 29, 37, 45, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___ And so on, until we finally get: 13, 21, 29, 37, 45, 53, 61, 69, 77, 85 Now, we can either add them up individually ($13 + 21 + 29 + 37 + 45 + 53 + 61 + 69 + 77 + 85 = 490$), or you can, find your pairs of numbers, beginning from the outside in. We can see that there are 5 pairs of 98, so $5 * 98 = 450$ Our final answer is E, 490. 3) Because the price of our mystery item raises by $2 every year, this is an arithmetic sequence. Again, we have multiple ways to solve this kind of problemusing formulas, or counting longhand. Method 1formulas $a_n = a_1 + (n - 1)d$ $100 = 10 + (n - 1)2$ $100 = 10 + 2n - 2$ $100 = 8 + 2n$ $92 = 2n$ $n = 46$ Now, we know that 100 is the price at our 46th term, but this is not the same thing as 46 years from 1990. Remember: the number of terms from the 1st is always 1 fewer space than the actual count of the term. For instance, the 1st term in a sequence is 4 spaces from the 5th term and 5 spaces from the 6th term. Why? 1st to 2nd, 2nd to 3rd, 3rd to 4th, 4th to 5th. We can see it takes 4 total spaces to go from the 1st term to the 5th. For our price problem, our $n$ is 46, which means that the year will be $46 - 1 = 45$ actual spaces away from our starting term. So: $1990 + (46 - 1)$ $1990 + 45$ $2035$ The price will be $100 in 2035. Method 2counting Because each new term is determined by adding 2, it will take us a long time to get from 10 to 100. We can speed up this process by first finding the difference between the 1st and last term: $100 - 10 = 90$ And then we can divide this difference by the common difference, $d$: $90/2 = 45$ It will take 45 years to get to the price to raise to $100. 45 years after 1990 is: $1990 + 45$ $2035$ Again, the price will be $100 in 2035. Yeah! You toppled those sequence questions! The Take Aways Though sequence questions can take some little time to work through, they are usually made complicated by their number of terms and values rather than being actually difficult to solve. So long as you remember to keep all your work organized and decide before test-day whether or not you want to spend your study efforts memorizing, and you’ll be able to tackle any number of sequence questions the SAT can throw your way. As long as you keep your values straight (and don’t get tricked by bait answers!), you will be able to grind through these problems without fail. What’s Next? Now that you've taken on sequences and dominated, it's time to make sure you have a solid handle on the rest of your SAT math topics. The SAT presents familiar concepts in unfamiliar ways, so check out our guides on all your individual SAT topic needs. We'll provide you with all the strategies and practice problems on any SAT math topic you could ask for. Running out of time on SAT math? Not to worry! Our guide will show you how to maximize both your time and your score so that you can make the most of your time on test day. Don't know what score to aim for? Follow our simple steps to figure out what score is best for you and your needs. Looking to get a perfect score? Check out our guide to getting a perfect 800 on SAT math, written by a perfect-scorer! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math strategy guide, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Sexual Predator Prosecution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

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Flannery O'Connor's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Flannery O'Connor's - Essay Example The Hopewell farm is in a somewhat rural area. This is known because of the fact that Joy-Hulga lost her leg in a hunting accident when she was 10, something girls arent normally a part of unless they live in the country, and that Manley Pointer was able to leave her, abandoned and legless, in an old barn where no one would be likely to hear her cries for help. This is important to OConnors stories because of the tradition she pulls from: ""The Southern writer is forced from all sides to make his gaze extend beyond the surface, beyond mere problems, until it touches that realm which is the concern of prophets and poets." Simply placing her stories in the South immediately associates her work with the strong tradition coming out of the South at that time and programs her readers to look for the deeper meanings. Other than her love of the South, one can also see OConnors preoccupation with the grotesque in this story. Joy has changed her name to Hulga in a deliberate attempt to make her name match her ugly self-image. This is, to some degree, a reflection of OConnors struggle with lupus, an illness that wasnt well understood at that time but that can cause ugly red splotches on the face and elsewhere and that causes unexplained pain at random. She usually explained this interest in another way though: "Whenever I’m asked why Southern writers particularly have a penchant for writing about freaks, I say it is because we are still able to recognize one." Although she watched her father die of the disease at a young age and struggled with it herself for 14 years, OConnor always tried to keep it in perspective. Part of the reason she was able to keep it in perspective so well was because of the deep nature of her Catholic faith, elements of which also play a big role in this story. The surface action of the story is that of a young Bible salesman coming to the Hopewell farm, charming

Holding Media Accountable

Holding Media Accountable Question: Are the news media adequately accountable for their reporting? Is there a need for legislative reform? There is a common concern that the news media in the modern age is no longer being held accountable for its reporting; that is, not fulfilling the expectation that it behaves in a certain way that contributes to the public good (particularly in relation to the political sphere). Since the late 17th century the medias vital role in democratic governance has been evident as a result of its significant power and function to oversee the actions of the government (Schultz 1998). To this day this role of the media remains to be a fundamental aspect of both modern democratic theory and practice. In this essay, the news medias general role in a democracy will be examined, such as the way in which it promotes it and its impact on the protection of human rights. Additionally, the various constraints in certain democracies that can limit the medias ability to always hold a positive role will be explored in order to expose possible legislative reforms to enhance media accountability. Finally, th e ways in which the media is used in order to support development and democracy will be examined, such as its historical victories in exposing government corruption and instigating reconciliation between warring groups. Whether or not the news media is adequately accountable for its reporting depends on the particular democracy in which it exists as they can vary greatly. This essay will contend that in developed democracies (such as Australia) the medias accountability can be perceived as adequate at this point in time, however it will also acknowledge that legislative reform is certainly needed in many other democracies that are less established. Democracy is near impossible to be achieved without a free press; through playing a myriad of key roles that will be discussed an adequate level of accountability to the public can be maintained for the medias reporting. The press is widely called the Fourth Estate to describe it as a somewhat additional branch of government that ensures those governing are kept in check (Schultz 1998). Without the providing of this check and balance, governments cannot truly be effective. Thomas Jefferson as a key historic governmental figure supported this idea, arguing that the truth of any matter will only emerge through the exchanging of information via the press (Holmes 1991). The notion of the media being a watchdog is widely accepted; that is, it acts as a guardian of the public interest that ensures citizens are consistently well informed on the actions of political officials and institutions (Schultz 1998). Particularly in those democracies that are less developed where legislatures and jud iciaries are either powerless or corrupt, the media is often left as the last bastion against the abuse of power (Schultz 1998). Furthermore, the presence of the media provides for a vital arena of public debate between those that govern and the governed. This increased level of debate not only ensures that every citizen is given the opportunity to contribute, but it also allows for enhanced decision making due to the collaboration of many different views and ideas (Holmes 1991). In contrast (for further elaboration), during authoritarian rule, obviously the quality of the laws and policies established were significantly lower due to minimal discussion and debate and the absence of a free and accountable media to help build a civic culture (Schultz 1998). Sen (1999 Pg 43) described critical public discussion to be an extremely important requirement [for] good public policy. Additionally, the medias accountability is particularly evident when one looks at disaster. Sen (1999) makes a further point in relation to this, asserting that a free press in a functioning democracy contributes greatly through the spread of information (which somewhat acts as an early warning system) that can significantly impact policies for (e.g.) famine prevention. The United Nations Development Programme (1997) adds to this, contending that if (for example) poverty is to be addressed, equally as important is the transfer of information to those in need. This is due to the fact that it would allow for them to participate in the political process and public life; it is difficult for an individual to assert their rights if they dont even know they exist. Through the media involving those that are marginalised, their views and issues become part of public debate, and thus the likelihood that these views be addressed is obviously far more likely than if they remain unheard (Sen 1999). The media plays a very important role via its accountability in a democratic society; nonetheless constrai nts do exist in some democracies that attempt to compromise this role. Particularly in newly established democracies, the reality is that the medias accountability can be affected negatively, prompting the potential need for legislative reform. Despite constitutional guarantees, in many democracies the media is greatly restricted by over-bearing laws, monopolistic ownership, and sometimes even physical force. In 2002, 136 journalists were imprisoned and 20 were killed as a result of their reporting in new democracies not satisfying the authorities (Committee to Protect Journalists 2003). In addition to state control constraints, a mostly global trend is beginning to dominate media markets in the modern age as a result of increased organisational competition. This involves a dumbing down of the news; in other words, an increased focus on shallow and sensational topics that aim more so to entertain rather than inform audiences of matters that are far more important (Selizer 2004). Consequently, public discourse is also negatively impacted as populations r espond to this dumbed down news that they are receiving (Selizer 2004). So not only does this modern worldwide trend compromise media accountability to the public, it also affects the publics own ability to recognise good news from bad news, making demands for change far less likely to substantiate. Moreover, in many countries ownership of the media is often controlled by just a few large dominating corporations that have taken over all smaller news organisations. With this high concentration of media ownership, there is not only minimal diversity but also strong biases in the news being presented to us (Djankov 2001 et al). Media tycoons (particularly in new democracies) tend to use their broadcast stations or newspapers to pursue their own vested interests such as the promotion of their business interests and political agenda (Djankov 2001 et al). In essence, the interests of these few people are manipulating the media through themselves determining the content that is to be publi cised. In order to address some of these constraints on the media, recommendations can certainly be made to attempt at instigating action for change where it is needed. For instance, sometimes the media is targeted by particularly powerful people and groups that endeavour to silence it to benefit their own interests. Primarily in developing democracies where (for example) strict licensing requirements may be demanded of the media, it is of paramount importance that authoritarian laws such as this are repealed and replaced with more liberal legislation (Committee to Protect Journalists 2003). Additionally, legal and judicial reforms are vital to ensure that journalists rights are enforced in court while those that do them harm are prosecuted. Only this way can it be ensured that the media has the freedom to report on important issues and remain accountable to the public. It is to be acknowledged that media laws in developed democracies are certainly far from perfect, and indeed they could be tweaked to improve media accountability. However, the Australian media for example, enjoys a large amount of freedom with guaranteed rights protecting it and is thus significantly safe from harm or stringent laws. As a result, it can be argued that legislative reform is not of immediate importance. A final area to be discussed in this essay is the medias practices that have promoted democracy and positive governance, shedding light on its accountability to the public. News organisations in many countries epitomise the democratic ideal of the media as a tool for information, a public forum, and as an establisher of consensus and harmony. If a society is to be truly democratic citizen participation is paramount; the media acknowledges this through ensuring that the populations are consistently engaged with the latest in the political sphere (Schultz 1998). For example, aiding them to make informed choices in regards to whom they should vote for and the particular policies that should and shouldnt be supported. Through mediums such as public-affairs programs the media provides enough detailed information to equip voters with the ability to be able to critically analyse the political sphere and are thus likely to engage with it far more than they would otherwise be capable of (Schultz 1998). In the modern age of widespread global travel it is especially difficult for a countrys media to inform all of its citizens when they inhabit other areas across t he world (Zelizer 2004). As a result, the use of the internet as a medium for the transfer of information has been adopted and proven to be highly effective. For example, early in the 21st century in the Romanian local elections, a large array of online information portals were established to ensure access to the latest political news was available to even citizens living on the other side of the world (Ulmanu 2000). Once again, this is evidence of the media endeavouring to fulfil its accountability to the public; in this way it is through acting not only as an information tool but as a public forum for critical debate. Also related to this is the way in which the media acts as a builder of peace and consensus. This is relevant because if violence and strife exists within a democratic society, the political process cannot consequently thrive as a result of peaceful critical discussion likely to be non-existent. In many societies the media tends to play a key role in providing method s of mediation to warring groups with the aim of public order being re-taken as promptly as possible (Bambang 2002). Many critics argue that this is not the case, and that the media itself often fuels violence via (e.g.) reporting incorrect facts and reinforcing prejudices (Bambang 2002). For example, in the midst of the mass conflict in Rwanda during the 1990s, a radio station (funded by international donations) was being used by extremists in support of genocide (Bambang 2002). While there are indeed cases in the past that depict poor actions on the medias part in fulfilling its accountability, much has been done to reverse this. For instance, many media organisations worldwide now train their journalists in what is dubbed peace journalism (Bambang 2002). This consists of the promotion of reconciliation via careful reportage that does not take stances on particular topics but rather gives voice to all of the differing viewpoints. Further, peace journalism resists justifications fo r violence, and rather than focusing on the violence itself it magnifies the affects it is having upon innocent individuals and communities (Bambang 2002). Not only this, it also attempts to bridge differences between warring groups in the hopes of a resolution being achieved. In the modern age (particularly in highly developed democracies) this form of reporting is the default method in times of war/crises. It can be concluded that the news media is indeed adequately accountable for its reporting, and at this time it does not need to be a priority to attain further legislative reform. Of course, it is important to recognise that this certainly depends upon the particular democratic society in which is being focused on as they can vary significantly in regards to their medias and their levels of accountability to that particular society. However, in most developed democracies the medias reporting can be perceived as currently adequate. This has been supported in this essay through referring to the various roles the media can be seen to play in the publics interest. It acts as a watchdog (or more formally as the Fourth Estate) in order to ensure the government is kept in check and power is not abused; additionally it often acts effectively as a bridge between the public and the government when there is corruption amongst institutional bodies. It acts as a public arena in which all citizen s are given the opportunity to contribute to the political process; this allows for improved decision making which leads to the establishment of laws that apply to the population as a whole (including those living in poverty that would otherwise have no knowledge (or access) of political participation. Secondly, this essay addressed the various constraints upon the media (particularly in those democracies that are relatively new and less developed). In some of these cases media accountability is not adequate and legislative reform would be ideal to (for example) protect journalists from any form of harm or harassment that compromises their ability to report truthfully and remain accountable to the public. Finally, the media plays the role of an information tool and public forum, educating voters on the latest political updates (regardless of their location) and thus protecting the threads of democracy that citizen participation is central to. In addition to this, such participation is made possible through the media promoting peace and consensus, endeavouring to keep conflict and violence levels low so as to not disrupt the political process and voters vital role in it. The media acts as a very important mechanism for democracy through public accountability. While this can at times be compromised, all in all it is adequate at this time and legislative reform should not be considered a priority. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Bambang Wisudo. P (2002), Broadening Access to Information as a Way of Ending War Journalism, paper presented in a conference on Access to Information in Southeast Asia, Thailand. Committee to Protect Journalists (2003), Attacks on the Press in 2002, New York: Committee to Protect Journalists. Djankov. S, McLeish. C, Nenova. T, Shleifer. A, (2001), Who Owns the Media? Draft paper for the World Bank’s World Development Report. Holmes, Stephen (1991), Liberal constraints on private power? Democracy and the Mass Media, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21-42. Schultz, Julianne (1998), Reviving the Fourth Estate. Democracy, Accountability and the Media, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sen, Amartya (1999), Development and Freedom, New York: Anchor Books. Ulmanu, Alex (2000), â€Å"Romanian Election Enters Net Battleground,† in Online Journalism Review, retrieved from http://www.ojr.org/ojr/technology/1017962590.php. United Nations Development Programme, Corruption and Good Governance: Discussion Paper 3, (1997), published by the Management Development and Governance Division, Bureau for Policy and Programme Support. Zelizer, B (2004), Taking Journalism Seriously: News and the Academy, London: Sage.

Civil Disobedience Essay

Historically, in your opinion, has civil disobedience been effective in changing the law? Explain why or why not. What laws do you disagree with or would you consider violating to change? Explain The act of knowingly breaking a law that one feels is morally or ethically unjust is termed Civil Disobedience. While we all have a perception of right and wrong, the guideline for this thinking is our moral compass. While many individuals may see inequalities or injustices in our society, only a few make a physical stand for what they perceive to be right. Some discourage the use of civil disobedience as a tool that should be used for change, the logic being that it directly contradicts our nation’s democratic system. Others support the peaceful act of protesting or challenging laws that are unjust. It is my opinion that while technically breaking the law, it is necessary as it brings immediate attention to an unjust law. As Martin Luther King Jr. stated and I quote â€Å"An individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for the law.† Perfect examples of civil disobedience used to change laws are the Ms. Rosa Parks incident, as well as the prolonged civil rights movement initiated by Dr. King. While the above mentioned incidents of civil disobedience assisted in bringing attention to and ultimately changing unjust laws, this change was slow and not complete. One of the laws that I do not agree with is pertaining to parental rights. I feel that in the courts of law in regards to custody and parenting responsibilities, the father always gets the short end of the stick. Never have I seen things being fair and just, unless in the uncommon circumstance where the mother is clearly not fit to be a parent. In many cases the mother has custodial rights, but the child or children are neglected physically, mentally and financially. The mother just used the child for a means to gain financial support.

The Link Between Birth Order And Personality - 853 Words

Bleske-Rechek Kelley (2014) have noticed that past research on the link between birth order and personality seems to be biased in that data has been collected by only self-raters, which forces the single member to compare other members of family in relation to themselves. Bleske-Rechek Kelley argue that birth order effects on personality operate within the family-rearing environment, thus individual differences in personalities between firstborn and laterborn siblings must be measured in responses to the environment according to each member. To measure this, Bleske-Rechek Kelley required two siblings, either a firstborn and a laterborn or an older laterborn and the closest laterborn to them in age, one or both parents, and a same-sex peer of the original participant to fill out the 44-item Big Five Inventory (BFI; John, Donahue, Kentle, 1991). Siblings self-assessed, parents completed the test evaluating both of the children participating separately, and the peer evaluated the test according to their perceived original participants’ personality. Bleske-Rechek Kelley (2014) found that internal reliabilities for self, peer, and parent ratings of the Big Five factors were high. They found that self-other correlations were positive and that there was weak to moderate similarity between the siblings. Bleske-Rechek Kelley also discovered that siblings do not differ systematically as a function of birth order; their parents perceived similarities and differencesShow MoreRelatedBirth order and Personality Environment determines to some extent the personality of a person.800 Words   |  4 PagesBirth order and Personality Environment determines to some extent the personality of a person. There are numerous factors in the environment which could determine variations in the personalities of different individuals. 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Of Mice and Men and Into the Wild Essay - 825 Words

Steinbeck’s ‘Of Mice and Men’ and Sean Penn’s ‘Into the Wild’ explore the fundamental themes of freedom, companionship and following your ambitions. (QUESTION). ‘Of Mice and Men’ is set during the Great Depression in which George and Lennie explore the realism of freedom and hardships by hoping to one day have their own farm. In contrast, Chris from ‘Into the Wild’ achieves ultimate freedom by choosing to run away and live in the wild. Both texts explore different perceptions of freedom. Steinbeck’s novel demonstrates how everyone’s perception of freedom is suppressed. George and Lennie’s idea of freedom is to have their own land and shield themselves from the peril of the world. However, they are denied this freedom because of their†¦show more content†¦The manifestation of handicapped characters such as Crooks having a crooked spine, or Lennie being mentally slow, metaphorically schemes the theme of men going ‘awry’ by trying to achieve a disillusioned dream. Penn’s film contradicts Steinbeck’s novel and shows that Chris indeed found happiness by following his ambitions. His ambitions involved trying to understand the human condition which can be seen through his zealous poetry when Chris states â€Å" Two years he walks the earth...The climactic battle to kill the false being within...No longer to be poisoned by civilization....† Chris wanted to und erstand the raw power of human experiences which he says is â€Å"...the core of man’s spirit...† and his dedication to fulfil this ambition led him to find what he was looking for and ultimately find happiness. Therefore in conclusion, the protagonists in â€Å"Of Mice and Men† and â€Å"Into the Wild† uniquely express the fundamental ideas of freedom, companionship and following your ambitions. Their desire for freedom is shared but their perception of obtaining it is different. 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Scott Fitzgerald1914 Words   |  8 Pages†© It†© wouldn’t†©be†©true’†Ã¢â‚¬ ©(140).†©Tragically†©for†©Gatsby,†©barriers†©of†©love†©and†©money†©keep†©him†© from†©attaining†©his†©dream†©to†©be†©with†©Daisy. hand†©came†©a†©muffled†©screaming.†©Lenie†©began†©to†©cry†©with†©fright.†©.†©.†©.†©She†©continued†©to†© struggle†©and†©her†©eyes†©were†©wild†©with†©terror.†©He†©shook†©her†©then,†©and†©.†©.†©.†©she†©was†©still,†© for†©Lennie†©had†©broken†©her†©neck†Ã¢â‚¬ ©(91).†©Death,†©money,†©and†©strength†©created†©barriers†© for†©George†©and†©Lennie†©inâ € ©pursuit†©for†©their†©dream†©that†©was†©unattained. Perseverance†© is†© a†© strong†© quality